Double staining analysis for Trx-1, HIF-1α, and vascular endothelial growth factor in cerebral arteriovenous malformations (a) nuclear staining. (b) Trx-1 immunoreactivity (green) is shown in vascular walls of arteriovenous malformations. (c) Vascular endothelial growth factor (red) immunoreactive cells are shown in the endothelial layer of arteriovenous malformations. (d) Double staining is shown. Trx-1-positive cells in the endothelial cells are also positive for vascular endothelial growth factors. (e) nuclear staining (f) HIF-1α immunoreactivity (green) is shown in vascular walls of arteriovenous malformations. (g) Vascular endothelial growth factor (red) immunoreactive cells are shown in the endothelial layer of arteriovenous malformations. (h) Double staining is shown. Trx-1-positive cells in the endothelial cells are also positive for vascular endothelial growth factors. Expression of thioredoxin-1 and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in cerebral arteriovenous malformations: Possible role of redox regulatory factor in neoangiogenic property: Takagi Y, Kikuta K, Moriwaki T, Aoki T, Nozaki K, Hashimoto N, Miyamoto S - Surgical neurology international (2011). Not altered. CC.