Hyperparathyroidism is an increase in parathyroid hormone levels in the blood.

What is the Pathology of Hyperparathyroidism?

The pathology of hyperparathyroidism is:

-Etiology: The cause of hyperparathyroidism is increased parathyroid or parathyroid like hormones.  

-Genes involved: MEN1, CDC73, or CASR gene.

-Pathogenesis: The sequence of events that lead to hyperparathyroidism is the excessive secretion of PTH due to a disorder of the parathyroid glands. 

-Histology: The histology associated with hyperparathyroidism shows osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity, cysts, hemosiderin-laden macrophages. 

How does Hyperparathyroidism Present?

Patients with hyperparathyroidism typically affect women in the age range of 50 years. The symptoms, features, and clinical findings associated with hyperparathyroidism include weakness and fatigue, depression, bone pain, muscle soreness, decreased appetite, feelings of nausea and vomiting, constipation, pancreatitis, polyuria, polydipsia, cognitive impairment, kidney stones, vertigo, and osteopenia or osteoporosis. 

How is Hyperparathyroidism Diagnosed?

Hyperparathyroidism is diagnosed by PTH immunoassay, or biopsy.

How is Hyperparathyroidism Treated?

Hyperparathyroidism is treated by surgical interventions such as parathyroidectomy.

What is the Prognosis of Hyperparathyroidism?

The prognosis of hyperparathyroidism is usually excellent, and most people are cured after successful parathyroidectomy.