Leukoplakia is a white patch or plaque that cannot be scraped off and cannot be characterized clinically or pathologically as any other disease.

What is the Pathology Leukoplakia?

The pathology of leukoplakia is:

-Etiology: The cause of leukoplakia is related to alcohol, tobacco use, and micro-organisms.  

-Genes involved: Amplification of 8q24. 3, deletion of 8p23. 2, and dysregulation of DERL3, EIF5A2, ECT2, HOXC9, HOXC13, MAL, MFAP5, and NELL2.

-Pathogenesis: The sequence of events that lead to leukoplakia is the tumor suppressor genes that are involved in the regulation of normal cell turnover and apoptosis (programmed cell death). 

-Histology: The histology associated with leukoplakia shows hyperkeratotic type squamous epithelium.

How does Leukoplakia Present?

Patients with leukoplakia typically affect males present at the range of 40-70 years. The symptoms, features, and clinical findings associated with leukoplakia include discomfort or pain. The exact appearance of the lesion is variable. Leukoplakia may be white, whitish-yellow, or grey. The size can range from a small area to much larger lesions. The most common sites affected are the buccal mucosa, the labial mucosa, and the alveolar mucosa, although any mucosal surface in the mouth may be involved.

How is Leukoplakia Diagnosed?

Leukoplakia is diagnosed by physical exam and histologic examination. 

How is Leukoplakia Treated?

Leukoplakia is treated by the removal of leukoplakia patches.

What is the Prognosis of Leukoplakia?

The prognosis of leukoplakia is poor.