Defects in Lymphocyte Activation and Function

What are Defects in Lymphocyte Activation and Function?

Defects in lymphocyte activation and function are failure to trigger antigen-specific receptors on the cell surface of lymphocytes. The failure to proliferation and differentiation into specialized cells results in defects.  Examples of defects in lymphocyte activation include X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome,…
Defects in Lymphocyte Maturation

What are Defects in Lymphocyte Maturation?

Defects in lymphocyte maturation are failure of development of lymphocytes from their progenitor in bone marrow or thymus which result in decreased T cells or B cells. Examples of defects in lymphocyte maturation include autosomal severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID),…
Defects in Adaptive Immunity

What are Defects in Adaptive Immunity?

Defects in adaptive immunity are failure of the recognition of specific “non-self” antigens, the failure of generation of pathogen-specific immunologic effector pathways and the failure of development of an immunologic memory. Examples of defects in adaptive immunity include IgG subclass…
Defects in the Complement System

What are Defects in the Complement System?

Defects in the complement system are immunodeficiencies of absent or suboptimal functioning of one of the complement system proteins. Examples of defects in the complement system include C1-inhibitor deficiency, C2 deficiency.    
Defects in Innate Immunity

What are Defects in Innate Immunity?

Defects in innate immunity are that which blunt the response to infection. These defects may occur in monocytes, neutrophils, natural killer cells, basophils, mast cells or complement proteins. Examples of defects in innate immunity include toll-like receptor deficiencies, natural killer…
Primary Immunodeficiencies

What are Primary Immunodeficiencies?

Primary immunodeficiencies involve an immune system that does not work correctly. People with primary immunodeficiencies are more likely to get and become severely ill from infections. Examples of primary immunodeficiencies include: severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID), ataxia-telangiectasia, selective IgA deficiency.  
How Are Lymphocytes Activated

How Are Lymphocytes Activated?

Lymphocytes are activated through antigen-specific receptors on their cell surface. This causes the cells to proliferate and differentiate into specialized effector lymphocytes. Display of antigens allows T cells to recognize antigenic epitopes presented on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell.…
Cytokines

What Are Cytokines?

Cytokines are small proteins that are crucial in controlling the growth and activity of other immune system cells and blood cells.     No.CytokinesSourceTargetBiological role1IL-1(IL-1α and -β)Macrophages, dendritic cells, endothelial cellsTH and B cells and various other tissuesActivation2IL-2TH1 cellsTH, Tc and NK…
Major Histocompatibility Complexes (MHCs)

What Are Major Histocompatibility Complexes (MHCs)?

Major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) are a group of genes that encode proteins on the cell surface that have an important role in immune response. Their main role is in antigen presentation.     Class I MHC molecules are cell surface recognition elements…