Reversible Cell Injury

What is Reversible Cell Injury?

Reversible cell injury occurs if the injured cell can restore homeostasis and return to a functional, morphologically normal state. The effects could be reversible if the hypoxia or ischemia lasts a short time. Like it is the case with myocardial…
Morphologic Alterations in Cell Injury

What are Morphologic Alterations in Cell Injury?

The morphologic alterations in cell injury include the first biochemical changes and those that happen at a molecular level. Morphologic alterations need time to emerge. The alterations of reversible cell injury happen sooner than those of irreversible injury, like a…
CELL INJURY

WHAT IS CELL INJURY?

Cell injury is damage acquired to cells that may result in reversible or irreversible injury. Causes of cell injury may include physical agents, chemical agents, drugs, lack of oxygen, nutrient imbalances, infections, immune issues, or genetic issues. Cellular injury may…
Cellular Aging

What is Cellular Aging?

Cellular aging is diminished function of cells and tissues from the molecular to the organismal level. DNA, especially telomeric DNA and metabolic pathway components affect the life span. The stem cell theory of aging states that critical shortening of telomeres…
Pathologic Calcification

What is Pathologic Calcification?

Pathologic calcification is the deposition of calcium salts, typically as phosphates or carbonates, in soft tissues (i.e., tissues that would not be calcified in a healthy state). If calcification is extensive, it appears grossly as chalky white deposits with a…
Intracellular Accumulations

What are Intracellular Accumulations?

Intracellular accumulations are endogenous by-products and exogenous substances accumulated by injured cells. Examples of intracellular accumulations include: Normal cellular constituent accumulated in excess, such as water, lipids, proteins, and carbohydratesAbnormal substances (exogenous, such as a mineral or products of infectious…
Autophagy

What is Autophagy?

Autophagy is the natural, conserved degradation of the cell that removes unnecessary or dysfunctional components through lysosomal-dependent regulated mechanisms. Autophagy involves the formation of a double-membrane vesicle that encapsulates cytoplasm around targeted material for degradation that fuses with lysosomes for…
How are Dead Cells Removed

How are Dead Cells Removed?

Removal of dead cells is happening by phagocytes such as macrophages and dendritic cells. Clearance of normal dead cells occurs silently in immune tolerance. Exogenous or mutated antigens of malignant or infected cells can initiate adaptive immunity, thereby inducing immunogenicity…
Apoptosis

What is Apoptosis?

Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death and it’s used during early development to eliminate unwanted cells; for example, those between the fingers of a developing hand. In adults, apoptosis plays a role in preventing cancer and is used…
CELL DEATH

WHAT IS CELL DEATH?

Cell death is the event of a biological cell ceasing to carry out its functions and it occurs when cultures become overcrowded. Morphologically, cell death can be classified into four different forms: apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis, and entosis. This may be…