Aortic Stenosis

What is Aortic Stenosis?

Aortic stenosis is the narrowing of the aortic valve, reducing or blocking blood flow from the heart to the body. What is the Pathology of Aortic Stenosis? Aortic stenosis pathology includes narrowing of the aortic valve in the valvular, subvalvular,…
Aortic Atresia

What is Aortic Atresia?

Aortic atresia is a rare congenital heart defect where the connection of the left ventricle to the aorta is blocked, affecting the flow of blood from the left ventricle to the body.  What is the Pathology of Aortic Atresia? Aortic…
Obstructive Lesions of the Heart

What are Obstructive Lesions of the Heart?

Obstructive lesions of the heart are a common congenital heart disease that causes impedance to the blood flow in the left heart chamber and left ventricular outflow.  Examples of obstructive lesions of the heart include:  Aortic atresiaAortic stenosisCoarctation of the…
Transposition of the Great Arteries

What is Transposition of the Great Arteries?

Transposition of the great arteries is a defect where the main pulmonary artery and the aorta’s position are switched. It is the most common cyanotic congenital defect in neonates. What is the Pathology of Transposition of the Great Arteries? Transposition…
Tetralogy of Fallot

What is Tetralogy of Fallot?

Tetralogy of fallot is one of the most common congenital heart problems that consist of heart defects that impede normal blood flow in the heart.  What is the Pathology of Tetralogy of Fallot? Tetralogy of fallot consists of ventricular septal…
Right-to-Left Shunts

What are Right-to-Left Shunts?

Right-to-left shunts are abnormal connections between the systemic and pulmonary vessels that cause deoxygenated blood to bypass pulmonary circulation and return to the body.  Examples of right-to-left shunts include:  Tetralogy of fallotTransposition of the great arteries
Ventricular Septal Defect

What is a Ventricular Septal Defect?

Ventricular septal defect is characterized by a hole between the right and left ventricles. Degree of symptom severity is dependent on the size of the defect: small, moderate, and large. What is the Pathology of Ventricular Septal Defect? Ventricular septal…
Patent Ductus Arteriosus

What is a Patent Ductus Arteriosus?

Patent ductus arteriosus is the persistent communication between the descending aorta and the pulmonary artery long after birth.  What is the Pathology of Patent Ductus Arteriosus? Patent ductus arteriosus pathology is characterized by a persistent connection between the aorta and…
Atrial Septal Defect

What is an Atrial Septal Defect?

Atrial septal defect is characterized by an opening in the interatrial septum, which causes pulmonary circulation to pass directly to the right atrium, left-to-right shunt. Severity of manifestation varies depending on the extent of the defect. It has three types:…
Left-to-Right Shunts

What are Left-to-Right Shunts?

Left-to-right shunts are characterized by back flow of blood from the systemic to pulmonary circulation.  Left-to-right shunts include: Atrial septal defectPatent ductus arteriosusVentricular septal defect