Susceptibility Genes

What are Susceptibility Genes?

Susceptibility genes or genetic predisposition is an increased likelihood of developing a particular disease based on a person’s genetic makeup. Examples of susceptibility genes include: HLA genes (HLA-B27)Non-MHC genesPTPN22NOD2NLR Genetic issues that may lead to autoimmunity: HLA-B27, also known as…
What Causes Autoimmunity

What Causes Autoimmunity?

Causes of autoimmunity include susceptibility genes, breakdown of self-tolerance, environmental triggers, and infections. Defective tolerance. Defective regulation. Abnormal display of self-antigens. Inflammation. Initial innate immune response. Defective tolerance is the inability to distinguish between self and non-self antigens, which leads…
Central Tolerance

What is Central Tolerance?

Central tolerance is when immature lymphocytes in the primary lymphoid organs encounter self-antigens, causing them to die or become unresponsive. Lymphocytes are deleted early in the development of lymphoid cells, allowing self-reactive B and T cells to be removed.
Immunologic Tolerance

What is Immunologic Tolerance?

Immunologic tolerance is a complex set of mechanisms keeps that impairs the immune system’s ability to properly have an immune responses against self-antigens. It is a state of inactivity in which lymphocytes remain alive but unable to perform physiological functions. 
AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS

WHAT ARE AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS?

Autoimmune disorders are conditions in which the body’s immune system misidentifies and attacks its own healthy tissues as foreign. The majority of which causes inflammation, which can affect various parts of the body. Autoimmune disorders are due to autoimmunity, which…
ADRENAL GLAND PATHOLOGY

WHAT IS ADRENAL GLAND PATHOLOGY?

Adrenal gland pathology is any lesion or malignancy of the adrenal glands. This may result in over production of hormones, as well as under production of hormones.  Adrenal gland pathology consists of:  Adrenal cortical hyperfunctionAdrenocortical insufficiencyAdrenal cystsAdrenocortical neoplasmsPheochromocytoma