Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Thyroid Gland Pathology Study Guide

Thyroid gland pathology includes: Thyroglossal duct cyst Lingual thyroid Hyperthyroidism Graves' disease Multinodular goiter Cretinism Myxedema Hashimoto thyroiditis Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis Riedel fibrosing thyroiditis Follicular thyroid adenoma Follicular thyroid carcinoma Papillary thyroid carcinoma Medullary thyroid carcinoma Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma Thyroglossal…
Parathyroid Adenoma, FNA

Parathyroid Gland Pathology Study Guide

Parathyroid Glands The parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH). Parathyroid hormone (PTH): Boosts bone osteoclast activity and releases calcium and phosphate into the serum Improves calcium and phosphate absorption in the small intestine by indirectly activating vitamin D Leads to…
Acute Pancreatitis

Pancreas Pathology Study Guide

Exocrine Pancreas The exocrine pancreas is responsible for secretion of ions, water, and digestive enzymes into the duodenum of the gastrointestinal tract. Endocrine Pancreas The endocrine pancreas consists of groups of cells known as islets of Langerhans. Each of the several…
Hydromyelia

Spinal Cord Pathology Study Guide

Spinal Cord Lesions Spinal cord lesions are pathologic issues that effect the spinal cord. Examples of spinal cord lesions include: Syringomyelia Poliomyelitis Werdnig-Hoffman disease Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Friedrich ataxia Syringomyelia Syringomyelia is a cyst in the spinal cord. Syringomyelias…
Trauma of the Central Nervous System

Central Nervous System Developmental Pathology Study Guide

Central Nervous System Developmental Anomalies Neural Tube Defects The incomplete closure of the neural tube causes neural tube defects (NTDs). Early in gestation, the neural plate invaginates to create the neural tube, which follows the embryo's cranial-caudal axis. The peripheral…
Fibroadenoma

Breast Pathology Study Guide

Breast The breast is essentially a modified sweat gland embryologically derived from the skin. The milk line, which extends from the axilla to the vulva, is a region along which breast tissue can form anywhere. The functional component of the…
Adrenal Cortex

Adrenal Gland Pathology Study Guide

Adrenal Cortex The largest and outermost portion of an adrenal gland is called the adrenal cortex. The adrenal gland is composed of three distinct zones which include: Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis Zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids like aldosterone. Zona…
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PATHOLOGY

Meningitis Pathology Study Guide

Meningitis Meningitis is the technical term for inflammation of the leptomeninges. The leptomeninges are made of three layers: Dura mater Arachnoid Pia mater The meninges are located between the brain and the skull. Leptomeninges is the collective word for pia…
Cerebrovascular Disease

Cerebrovascular Disease Pathology Study Guide

Cerebrovascular Disease Cerebrovascular disease is a significant source of morbidity and mortality due to cerebrovascular impairment and neurologic dysfunction. Cerebrovascular disease is typically the result of: Ischemia (85% of cases) Hemorrhage (15% of cases) Since serum glucose serves as their…
Primary Hemostasis

Primary Hemostasis Pathology Study Guide

Primary Hemostasis Step 1: Transient Vasoconstriction of Damaged Vessel A vascular spasm is activated which leads to vasoconstriction. The vascular spasm is mediated by: Neural reflex Contraction of endothelial cells due to endothelin being released from neighboring endothelial cells that…