Congenital Heart Disease

Congenital Heart Defects Pathology Study Guide

Congenital Heart Defects Congenital heart defects occur throughout embryogenesis (usually weeks 3 through 8). Congenital heart defects are observed in 1% of live births. Most congenital heart defects are incidental and not clinically significant. Congenital heart defects frequently cause shunting…
Cirrhosis of the liver (trichrome stain)

Liver Pathology Study Guide

Jaundice Jaundice is yellow discoloration of the skin due to liver injury. The first indication of jaundice is scleral icterus, which is characterized by yellow discoloration of the sclera. Jaundice is caused by high blood bilirubin levels, which usually exceed…
Acute Renal Failure Pathology

Acute Renal Failure Pathology Study Guide

Acute Renal Failure (ARF) Acute renal failure (ARF) is the acute, severe decrease in renal function that develops within days.  The hallmark of acute renal failure (ARF) is azotemia, excessive amounts of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine in the…
Nephrotic Syndromes

Nephrotic Syndrome Pathology Study Guide

Nephrotic Syndrome Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by proteinuria and glomerular disorders leading to hypoalbuminemia-pitting edema. Nephrotic syndromes include: Minimal change disease Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) Membranous nephropathy Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) Diabetes mellitus Systemic amyloidosis Complications of nephrotic syndrome includes: Hypogammaglobulinemia…
Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis

Nephritic Syndrome Pathology Study Guide

Nephritic Syndrome Nephritic syndromes are characterized by bleeding. Nephritic syndromes show glomerular inflammation and bleeding. Symptoms of nephritic syndrome includes: Limited proteinuria (less than 5 g per day) Oliguria and azotemia Salt retention with periorbital edema Hypertension Red blood cell…
Chronic Renal Failure

Chronic Renal Failure Pathology Study Guide

Chronic Renal Failure Chronic renal failure is end-stage kidney failure. Chronic renal failure is caused by: Vascular insults Inflammatory issues Tubular insults Glomerular insults Inflammatory insult The most common causes of chronic renal failure are: Hypertension Diabetes mellitus Glomerular disease…
Renal Cell Carcinoma

Kidney and Bladder Neoplasia Pathology Study Guide

Kidney and bladder neoplasia includes: Angiomyolipoma Renal cell carcinoma Wilms tumor Urothelial carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder Adenocarcinoma of the bladder Angiomyolipoma Angiomyolipoma is a disorder where benign kidney tumors develop. Angiomyolipoma a tumor made up of blood…
Hidradenoma Papilliferum of the Vulva

Vulva Pathology Study Guide

Vulva The skin and mucosa of the female genitalia external to the hymen, including the labia majora, labia minora, mons pubis, and vestibule, comprise the vulva. The vulva is lined by squamous epithelium. Vulva pathology includes: Bartholin cyst Condyloma Lichen…
Congenital Horseshoe Kidney

Congenital Pathology of the Kidney Pathology Study Guide

Congenital pathology of the kidney are disorders that effect the kidneys at birth. Congenital pathology of the kidney includes: Congenital horseshoe kidney Renal agenesis Dysplastic kidney Polycystic kidney disease Medullary cystic kidney disease Congenital Horseshoe Kidney Horseshoe kidney is a…
HPV-Infected Squamous Cell (Koilocyte) of the Cervix

Cervix Pathology Study Guide

Cervix The cervix refers to the uterus neck. The cervix is comprised of: Ectocervix (aka exocervix) Endocervix Transition zone Nonkeratinizing squamous epithelium lines the ectocervix. Columnar cells make up the inner layer lining the endocervix. The transition zone is the…